Suppression
Sámi drum burnings; Russian and Soviet campaigns; Canadian and US ceremonial bans; the Tohunga Suppression Act 1907; colonial witchcraft ordinances across Africa; mission control of ceremony in Australia and the Pacific.
Adaptation
Traditions went underground, syncretised with dominant religions, relocated into private homes, and encoded practice in permitted forms. Survival was strategic.
Revival and its questions
Post-Soviet and post-colonial revivals raise real questions about continuity, authority and reconstruction. Naming those questions is not an attack on revival.