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South America

Andean Traditions

paqo · altomisayoq · yatiri · apu · pachamama

Quechua and Aymara communities of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador

EthnographyHistoryModern

Andean ritual specialists work through reciprocity with mountain powers and the earth, using coca divination, offering bundles and a ritual calendar bound to agriculture and herding.

Ritual specialists

  • Diviners reading coca leaves
  • Specialists graded by which powers speak through them

Cosmology

  • Apus: mountain persons with rank and territory
  • Pachamama and the ethic of reciprocal feeding

Ritual practice

  • despacho offering bundles
  • Coca divination
  • Pilgrimage to high sanctuaries

History and pressure

  • Colonial extirpation-of-idolatry campaigns
  • Catholic-Andean ritual synthesis
  • Modern spiritual tourism in Cusco

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